
Le yen a chuté jusqu’à 148 JPY le dollar, du jamais vu depuis 32 ans. Les entreprises et les ménages japonais devront de plus en plus supporter la hausse des coûts. Si le yen maintient son cours actuel, l’augmentation du prix des produits importés coûtera jusqu’à 80 000 JPY de dépense supplémentaire par ménage selon les études. La rentabilité des entreprises dépendantes du marché domestique s’est déjà dégradée pour la moitié d’entre elles en raison de la hausse du coût des matières premières. Les menaces qui pèsent sur les comptes des ménages et des entreprises sont réelles. Elles ralentiront les investissements et la consommation, ce qui risque de retarder un peu plus la reprise économique.
Les consommateurs pénalisés
Le yen s’échangeait à 148 JPY pour 1 USD ce vendredi 14 octobre, soit à son niveau le plus bas depuis 1990. L’écart s’est creusé entre d’une part les Etats-Unis, qui continuent à augmenter vigoureusement les taux d’intérêt et d’autre part le Japon, qui persiste dans une politique monétaire accommodante. Le marché a donc massivement vendu le Yen au profit du dollar plus rentable. Depuis le début de l’année, le yen fut dévalué de plus de 30 JPY face au dollar. L’incertitude sur la fin de cette tendance demeure.
Le Japon importe en grande quantité les énergies et les produits manufacturés. Comme le paiement des importations se fait en dollar, la monnaie mondiale de référence, la dévaluation du yen face au dollar a provoqué la hausse du coût des importations de nombreux produits. Les entreprises répercutent cette hausse sur leurs prix de vente. Une mauvaise nouvelle pour les consommateurs.
L’institut de recherche Mizuho Research and Technologies a calculé qu’au taux de change constant de 145 JPY pour 1 USD, les dépenses moyennes par ménage (foyer de plus de 2 personnes) en 2022 aura augmenté de 81 674 JPY de plus qu’en 2021. Ce calcul tient compte des aides du gouvernement déjà mises en place pour empêcher l’envolée du prix des céréales importées. Sans celles-ci l’augmentation aurait dépassé les 100 000 JPY par ménage.
Par poste de dépense, l’alimentation a enregistré la plus forte hausse avec une augmentation de 39 030 JPY en moyenne par ménage. Les énergies viennent en deuxième position avec une augmentation de 33 893 JPY. Sans aucun doute, la dévaluation du yen a aggravé la pression inflationniste exercée sur le blé et le pétrole brut, conséquence directe de l’attaque de la Russie en Ukraine.
Ce sont les ménages les plus modestes chez qui les dépenses incompressibles représentent une grande part des revenus qui en pâtiront le plus
M.SAKAI, chercheur à Misuho Reserch and Technologies
Dans un scénario pessimiste, au taux de change de 150 JPY pour 1 USD, la hausse des dépenses des ménages pourra atteindre 86 462JPY par ménage. Dans tous les cas « ce sont les ménages les plus modestes chez qui les dépenses indispensables représentent une grande part des revenus qui en pâtiront le plus » (M. SAKAI , chercheur à Mizuho Research and Technologies) .
Les entreprises non-exportatrices souffrent
Les entreprises cotées en bourse sont nombreuses à souffrir de la hausse des matières premières. NIKKEI a dénombré 660 sociétés qui ont enregistré une baisse de leurs résultats d’exploitation entre avril et juin 2022. Ainsi, c’est 50% de l’ensemble des entreprises qui opèrent seulement sur le marché domestique.
C’est le cas de Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd ( 日本製紙, 104.5 milliards JPY , 735.9 millions EUR CA , effectifs 16 129) numéro 2 japonais et 8e producteur mondial des papiers. L’entreprise prévoit une perte d’exploitation de 20 milliards JPY (140.3 millions EUR) pour l’année fiscale 2023.
Aussi, la chaîne de restauration RINGER HUT CO.,LTD (リンガーハット45.8 milliards JPY , 322.5 millions EUR CA , effectifs 644) a été prise de court par la dévaluation du yen qui a littéralement fait envoler le coût d’approvisionnement des matières premières. Contre toute attente, le groupe est tombé dans le rouge pour la période de mars à août 2022 et prévoit une perte nette de 450 millions JPY (3.16 millions EUR) pour la clôture de février 2023.
Un risque pour l’augmentation des salaires
En même temps, dans les grandes surfaces et les supermarchés, les prix des produits alimentaires ont nettement augmenté ces derniers mois. Selon l’étude de l’agence de notation Teikoku Databank, Ltd, l’ensemble des principaux groupes alimentaires de l’archipel ont décidé d’augmenter les prix de quelques 6699 articles vendus en détail durant le seul mois d’octobre. Ce sera le mois qui a enregistré le plus d’augmentation. Au total plus de 20 000 articles ont augmenté depuis début 2022 y compris les « shrinkflation » (diminuer la quantité sans baisser le prix).
Cependant, les entreprises ne peuvent pas toujours répercuter la hausse des coûts aux prix des produits. Car l’augmentation des prix peut diminuer le volume des ventes et faire diminuer les bénéfices. Par ailleurs, l’économie japonaise bénéficie de moins en moins des avantages de la monnaie dévaluée qui stimulait les exportations comme naguère. Alors que la BOJ espère augmenter progressivement et régulièrement les salaires en assouplissant la politique monétaire, ironiquement, son effet secondaire risque de provoquer l’effet inverse.
Sources Nikkei(15/10/2022 止まらぬ円安、家計や企業に痛み 生活費は年8万円増も
内需企業の半数で損益悪化)
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