Un vent nouveau souffle sur le front de l’emploi.
Longtemps les entreprises japonaises avaient pratiqué la promotion à l’ancienneté qui récompensait la fidélité de ses employés. Ces derniers, quelles que soient leurs formations étaient embauchés à la sortie de leurs études à un salaire bas. L’entreprises se chargeaient de les former sur le tas (OJT, On the Job Training) et leur faire découvrir tous les aspects du métier. La progression de carrière et l’augmentation des rémunérations se faisaient à l’ancienneté et non sur les résultats ou la compétence des salariés dans un système d’emploi à vie.
En situation de croissance continue et de plein emploi cette pratique avait un sens, ce qui n’est toutefois plus le cas aujourd’hui en raison d’ une croissance économique faible (0.8% en prévision pour 2019 contre 4% à la fin des années quatre vingts) puis du manque de main d’œuvre dans les secteurs clés impactés par le virage numérique. Les entreprises doivent faire des choix car leurs ressources sont limitées.
Un début de changement dans le système japonais de rémunération
Les entreprises ont relevé le salaire à l’embauche des jeunes diplômés. Depuis l’année dernière cette tendance s’est accéléré dans tous les secteurs. En cause, la chasse aux jeunes et aux nouveaux talents formés aux nouveaux métiers du digital bat son plein.
En 2018 selon les statistiques du ministère du travail et de la santé, le salaire moyen national à l’embauche des jeunes, était de 238700 JPY (1865 EUR) pour les diplômés de Master, 206700 JPY (1615 EUR) pour les diplômés de Licence et 165100 JPY (1290 EUR) pour les jeunes diplômé du secondaire.
En même temps selon une enquête réalisée entre janvier et février auprès de 1000 entreprises de l’archipel par le think tank The Japan Research Institute, près de 80% d’entre elles ont reconnu avoir des difficultés à recruter les jeunes. En analysant les données disponibles du ministère du travail, entre 2008 et 2018 le salaire annuel moyen a diminué de 710 000 JPY (5680 EUR) pour les 40-44 ans, et de 500 000 JPY (4000 EUR) pour les 45-49 ans, tandis qu’il a augmenté respectivement de 150 000 JPY (1200 EUR) et de 170 000 JPY (1360 EUR) pour les 20-24 ans et les 25-29 ans.
Au fil des ans les entreprises ont donc privilégié leur attractivité par l’amélioration des conditions d’embauche des jeunes, aux dépens de la promotion de carrière des juniors et des seniors. Ce choix est flagrant surtout pour les entreprises des secteurs traditionnels comme celui de l’électroménager ou des produits pharmaceutiques. Elles souffrent de ralentissement de la croissance chinoises et de la transition numérique de leur métier.
Miser sur le potentiel des jeunes et valoriser les qualifications
A l’exception des entreprises de BTP stimulées par des grands projets comme les Jeux Olympiques de 2020 et qui ont rehaussé le salaire à tous les niveaux des échelons, les patrons ont été contraints de faire un choix devant l’absence de croissance notable et les frais fixes qui augmentent mécaniquement. Signe qu’ils ne peuvent plus satisfaire à la fois les anciens et les nouveaux recrus et qu’ils doivent miser sur le dynamisme des jeunes ou le potentiel des nouvelles technologies comme l’intelligence artificielle (IA).
C’est vrai dans le secteur de l’habillement où le groupe Fastretailing détenteur de marque Uniqlo a augmenté le salaire des jeunes diplômés de licence de 20% pour le ramener à 255 000 JPY ( 2040 EUR).
Sony, quant à elle, a pris une décision audacieuse de distinguer les nouveaux recrus par profils en proposant par exemple un salaire 20% supérieur aux restes pour les spécialistes de l’intelligence artificielle (IA) , du jamais vue au Japon où les jeunes diplômés étaient recrutés aux mêmes conditions de rémunération quelles que soient leurs formations. Les start-ups et les entreprises du Web fixent le salaire en fonction des résultats des stages accomplis avant l’embauche définitive.
Une initiative similaire a été adoptée par la société pharmaceutique Eisai (10000 salariés, 5 milliards CA en 2018) qui a augmenté le salaire de bases des 20-30 ans, a embauché 100 nouveaux diplômés cette année. L’objectif était de rajeunir l’ensemble de l’organisation, celle-ci vient de licencier 300 employés de plus de 45 ans sous forme de plan de départ volontaire en mars dernier, mais « la masse salariale n’a pas baissé » affirme la direction.
Le secteur pharmaceutique n’a pas été épargné par le virage numérique. Certains métiers comme le gestionnaire d’informations sur les médicaments ont perdu jusqu’à 3000 effectifs en 5 ans. La plupart des informations étant disponibles sur internet, les médecins ne font plus appel à leur compétence pour se renseigner. En revanche ce sont les spécialistes des données y compris les analystes qui manquent cruellement dans ce secteur. Un patron avoue sa peine pour recruter « les spécialistes des données opérationnels sur le champs ne répondent pas à nos annonces malgré une proposition d’un salaire de haut niveau ».
L’adaptation des entreprises au marché du travail tendu et au changement des mentalités
Le temps est dur pour les entreprises japonaises habitués à augmenter les salaires (et donc de qualification) en fonction des années de présence. Elles doivent rapidement recruter des jeunes talents formés à la nouvelle technologie. Le professeur M.Naohiro YASHIRO spécialiste des questions salariales à l’université Showajoshidai analyse la situation actuelle de l’emploi qui est « tendue car au fond il y a avant tout un manque de main d’œuvre. Les entreprises japonaises sont en compétition avec les entreprises étrangères implantées sur son sol et qui pratiquent une politique salariale différente des leurs pour puiser dans le peu de ressources disponibles. Ce qui tire les salaires d’embauche vers le haut. En même temps les seniors traverseront une longue période de stagnation salariale ».
Un cadre quinquagénaire d’une entreprise d’électroménager qui veut rester anonyme, exprime son amertume : « avec la réforme du temps de travail initiée par le gouvernement, je ne peux plus compter sur les heures supplémentaires comme au paravent pour augmenter mes revenus. Je suis dégouté de voir que les aînés qui avaient mon âge il y a dix ans étaient mieux rémunérés que moi ». Comme beaucoup d’autres de sa génération, il fait partie de ceux qui avaient été embauché à l’époque des bulles spéculatives durant laquelle le Japon affichait une croissance insolente (1989-1992). Or trente ans plus tard ce sont ceux qui gonflent le plus la masse salariale du point de vue des employeurs. Le professeur M.Hisashi YAMADA du The Japan Research Institute tire la sonnette d’alarme : « si les entreprises continuent à appliquer la promotion à l’ancienneté aux quadragénaires et quinquagénaires actuels, elles risquent de compromettre sérieusement leur survie».
A l’opposé, une jeune diplômée embauchée en avril dernier par une entreprise de matériau affirme sans hésiter : « le salaire à l’embauche n’est pas le seul critère pour choisir une entreprise mais comme je ne suis pas sûre de vouloir y rester toute ma vie, je préfère commencer ma carrière avec un salaire élevé ». Signe que les jeunes ne raisonnent plus comme leurs aînés.
(source NIKKEI 06/06/2019 初任給上げ中高年は嘆息 若手確保優先で賃金抑制)
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