Apple rendra public prochainement la liste de ses principaux fournisseurs pour l’année 2018. Selon cette liste, les firmes chinoises (y compris les entreprises hongkongaises) représentent 20% des 200 entreprises avec qui la célèbre marque à la pomme travaille en partenariat. Cette dépendance accrue aux firmes chinoises est un risque dans un contexte de tension commerciale accrue entre les Etats-Unis et la Chine.
Le nombre de fournisseurs japonais et américains restent encore majoritaires mais leur position est sérieusement menacée selon le rapport d’Apple qui détaillent ses fournisseurs et leurs 800 sites de production classés par zones géographiques :
Classement des principaux fournisseurs d’Apple et leur nombre par pays (évolution par rapport à 2017) :
- Taïwan : 46 (-5)
- Chine : 41 (+5)
- Japon :38 (-5)
- Etats-Unis : 37 (-1)
- Corée du Sud : (13+3)
- Autres pays : 23
Total : 200
En regardant de près les sites de production par zones géographiques, la Chine (y compris Hong Kong) compte 380 sites de production (+26) et concentre 5% de l’ensemble des usines qui fabriquent les pièces détachées dans le monde pour le compte d’Apple. Un chiffre non négligeable qui tient compte de la complexité de la filière dans laquelle certaines firmes basées à l’étranger opèrent en Chine.
Mutation dans le positionnement de la Chine
Le principal fournisseur, le taiwanais Hon Hai (Hon Hai Precision Industry Co,Ltd.) s’est longtemps positionné comme acheteur des matériaux et des pièces détachées de haute précision dans le monde pour la fabrication des I Phone et des I Pad. Ces derniers sont assemblés dans ses usines basées en Chine continentale ce qui permet à l’entreprise de profiter de la main d’œuvre locale bon marché.
Toutefois la Chine ne se contenterait plus aujourd’hui de sa place de réservoir de main d’œuvre à bas prix et menace sérieusement de prendre la place des donneurs d’ordre actuels. En effet les sous-traitants chinois ont acquis le savoir-faire nécessaire et la maitrise de la ligne de production de façon à proposer directement leurs services à Apple.
M.Kota EZAWA, analyste chez Citigroup Global Markets Japan , explique que sans doute le faible avantage concurrentiel des produits Apple de ces dernières années a stimulé l’ambition des entreprises chinoises: « depuis quelques années les produits Apple ne sont plus dotés de fonctions innovantes et son évolution semble avoir ralenti».
Retrait des fournisseurs japonais
Parmi les nouveaux fournisseurs chinois on peut citer Zongshi Technology (Beijing) pour la fourniture des matériaux ferromagnétiques, et Tongda Group (Hong Kong) pour la fourniture des accessoires et autres pièces détachées.
En revanche cinq entreprises taiwanaises se sont retirées en raison sans doute de la montée en puissance des rivaux chinois. On peut aussi citer le cas de TPK en passe d’être détrôné par le chinois OFILM Tech Co. sur le marché des composantes pour les écrans tactiles ou celui d’un autre chinois Luxshare qui a récemment repris le marché des pièces détachées pour les écouteurs AirPods à son rival taiwanais.
Cinq fournisseurs japonais d’Apple se sont retirés en 2018. Parmi elles, Dai-Ichi Seiko fournisseurs des connecteurs, Nisshin Steel pour les plaques d’acier inoxydable, Toda Kogyo Corp pour les piles à lithium et Toyoda Gosei pour les composantes DEL.
La menace des tensions commerciales Chine-US
Les fournisseurs américains d’Apple comptent soixante-cinq sites de production dans le monde, soit huit de plus qu’en 2017.
Dans le souci de répondre aux critiques de l’administration Trump qui voit d’un mauvais œil la dépendance des entreprises américaines vis-à-vis de la Chine, Apple a de son coté publié en janvier son intention d’investir 30 milliards USD sur cinq ans aux Etats-Unis.
M.Kota EZAWA (Citigroup), observe la tendance d’Apple à diversifier ses fournisseurs ayant des sites de production en Asie du sud-est et conclut qu’ « il sera de plus en plus difficile de continuer de s’approvisionner en Chine dans la situation actuelle ».
Toutefois un dirigeant d’un grand fournisseur taiwanais souligne le poids que représentera la modification du supply chain pour les entreprises concernées: « Cela ne se fera pas en quelques jours car le système de production des smartphones est fortement dépendant d’un réseau global et complexe d’approvisionnement en pièces détachées » .
(Source NIKKEI 18/03/2019 アップルの部品調達、中国製が初の2位)
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