
Nous entendons fréquemment évoquer les tensions commerciales américano-chinoise pour justifier le manque de visibilité de la croissance économique de notre pays. Cependant ne serait-il pas temps de cesser d’accuser la dépopulation et la conjoncture internationale pour expliquer la croissance annuelle qui atteint à peine 1% ? Il existe des leviers que nous pouvons maîtriser pour améliorer notre productivité et relever in fine notre niveau de croissance : il faut mettre fin à notre système de travail hérité de l’ère Showa (1926-1989)
Un système de travail rigide en fin de vie
Selon les données publiées le 18 juin par l’Institut japonais de recherches économiques la prévision de croissance japonaise sera en moyenne de 0.55% en 2019 et 0.52 % en 2020. Parmi les raisons avancées, le ralentissement de la croissance des deux plus grandes économies (USA et Chine) et la menace du protectionnisme.
Le problème se pose lorsqu’on regarde de près la prospective à long terme, à savoir les périodes allant du 2021 à 2025 et du 2026 à 2030. Respectivement, le taux de croissance n’avoisine que 0.8%. Nous hériterons donc de la « stagnation de l’ère Heisei » qui reflète le faible potentiel productif d’une population en déclin. Le doute est grand quant à notre capacité à faire face à l’augmentation des dépenses de santé d’une population vieillissante.
Toutefois il serait possible de redresser la courbe de croissance en augmentant notre productivité, ce qui stimulera l’innovation, les investissements et augmenter les salaires. Il faudra pour cela changer notre système de travail hérité de l’ère Showa.
Le système actuel de l’emploi, selon l’analyse du professeur M. Kotaro TSURU de l’université Keio, se caractérise par trois éléments constitutifs : une carrière longue (l’emploi à vie), une progression de carrière selon l’ancienneté et une promotion lente. Ce système a fait ses preuves durant la période de la haute croissance (l’équivalent des Trente Glorieuse en France) qui stimulait la motivation et récompensait efficacement la loyauté des employés envers leur patron.
Or après avoir connu deux grandes crises au cours de l’ère Heisei (1989-2019) dont l’éclatement des bulles spéculatives de 1991 et la crise financière de 2008, le système système actuel d’emploi « à la japonaise » s’est dénaturé et freine l’économie japonaise plus qu’elle ne la soutienne.
En effet durant les périodes qui ont suivi les crises, les négociations entre les syndicats et le patronat s’étaient cristallisées autour du maintien ou de la sauvegarde de l’emploi des seniors ce qui a eu pour conséquence de compresser les salaires des employés en CDI. En contrepartie, la jeune génération avait soit connu la période du chômage de masse du milieu des années 1990 au début 2000 , soit la généralisation des emplois précaires qui ont concerné jusqu’à 40% d’entre eux.
Aussi, la mondialisation de l’économie et la diffusion de la transition numérique se sont accélérées de façon fulgurante. Or les entreprises se sont obstinées à protéger l’emploi des séniors et relayé au second plan le recrutement de jeunes talents dans des secteurs stratégiques. Elles ont également pris du retard pour réformer leur organisation afin de la rendre plus réactive et plus compétitive face à l’évolution rapide du marché. Les salaires ont certes augmenté pour les anciens mais leur mentalité est restée incompatible avec la digitalisation accrue de l’économie. Or si la courbe des salaires des employés dans de nombreux pays tend à stagner à partir de la quarantaine, celle des salariés japonais continue pour l’heure de progresser jusqu’à la cinquantaine même si la progression est moins marquée que par le passé.
Au Japon les salariés seniors s’accrochent aux droits acquis en termes de retraites et d’assurance maladie. En effet leurs longues années de cotisation sont des avantages dont aucun ancien ne compte lâcher. Un frein de plus pour les entreprises qui ne peuvent facilement mettre fin aux activités déficitaires, ni adopter des plans de restructuration au nom de la protection de l’emploi des seniors.
Il en résulte que la productivité du Japon reste faible en comparaison à d’autres pays industrialisés. Selon l’analyse du président de l’Institut japonais de recherches économiques la productivité horaire du Japon n’a progressé que de 0.4% entre 2000 et 2017. La baisse a été constatée en Allemagne et aux Etats-Unis également pour la même période mais elle a été moins marquée que prévue. L’école supérieure de commerce suisse IMD ,quant à elle, a classé le Japon en 30e place sur 63 pays en termes de productivité, tandis qu’au début des années 1990 il était le premier du classement.
Valoriser les spécialités et les compétences
L ’OCDE a démontré par le biais d’une étude faite en 2013, que parmi les compétences les plus sollicitées sur le lieu de travail, il y avait la « lecture » et « la rédaction » pour les employés nippons loin devant les Américains, les Allemands et les Britanniques. En revanche, chez les Japonais le taux d’usage des nouvelles technologies de communication n’atteignait à peine la moyenne parmi ces trois nationalités.
Pour, M.Hideo HAYAKAWA chercheur associé à l’institut de recherches économiques Fujitsu, il est évident que le cycle de vie des business models est de plus en plus court à cause du digital. La rigidité du système de travail japonais est en grande partie responsable de la baisse de productivité des Japonais.
La jeune génération prend de plus en plus de distance par rapport à leurs ainés et a une toute autre approche du travail. Une enquête récente réalisée auprès des étudiants de la plus prestigieuse université du Japon le Todai, a révélé que les entreprises de conseils étaient les plus prisées parmi les futurs diplômés. Preuve que le temps a bien changé et que les jeunes s’orientent vers une valorisation de leurs expertises, plutôt que de porter leur choix sur des postes généralistes motivés par la seule nécessité d’avoir un revenu stable.
Reste à savoir comment les entreprises et le marché du travail s’adapteront aux travailleurs du futur tout en imaginant un système pour les motiver. Les entreprises pourront par exemple, inciter les salariés à se spécialiser dans un domaine de leur choix à partir de trente ans et leur donner en même temps la possibilité de choisir le lieu du travail puis de gérer leur de temps de travail selon leur rythme. Si le statut de « CDI spécialiste » se répand à grande échelle, alors cela facilitera le changement d’employeur et l’insertion des jeunes aux parcours atypiques tout en évitant de juger ces derniers des « accidentés » dans leur parcours professionnel.
Le professeur M.Kotaro TSURU de l’université de Keio souligne la nécessité de valoriser les profils variés car il en va de la survie des entreprises nippones : « Jusque dans les années 80, le Japon pouvait seulement se contenter de rattraper puis dépasser l’Occident. Or, à partir des années 90, les entreprises doivent faire preuves de créativité et inventer de choses nouvelles. Il est difficile pour une organisation constituée de salariés au profil similaire d’être créative et innovante ». Et M.Hiroshi YOSHIKWA, professeur d’économie à l’université Rissho de conclure : «L’innovation n’est possible que si le patron prend lui-même les risques ».
NIKKEI 09/07/2019 (Source 昭和な職場と低成長 デジタル化が日本の弱点)
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