Une hausse record des licenciements préventifs en 2019

une hausse record des licenciements préventifs en 2019
credit Pakutaso

L’archipel a enregistré une hausse record des licenciements préventifs en 2019.  L’année dernière trente cinq grandes entreprises japonaises ont licencié au total 11 000 salariés, essentiellement les seniors. C’est trois fois plus qu’en 2018. Les départs à la retraite anticipée ou les plans de départs volontaires sont les méthodes les plus utilisées. Près de 60% des entreprises étaient pourtant bénéficiaires.

Une volonté de recruter les jeunes talents

Le Japon manque de mains d’œuvre qualifiées en nouvelle technologie. En cause, les conséquences néfastes d’un système d’emploi à vie où la progression de carrière se fait à l’ancienneté et non en fonction des compétences. Or aujourd’hui, la masse salariale des employés seniors représente une part non négligeable dans les frais des entreprises, ce qui empêche celles-ci de recruter les jeunes talents formés aux métiers du numérique et de l’intelligence artificielle, deux profils très recherchés.  En conséquence, les entreprises réagissent pour ne pas compromettre leur croissance future. 

 Selon une étude réalisée par le cabinet TSR (Tokyo Shoko Research), trente-cinq grandes entreprises cotées à la bourse avaient taillé dans leurs effectifs, essentiellement les cadres seniors, par des départs à la retraite anticipés ou par des plans de départs volontaires. Près de 60% d’entre elles étaient pourtant bénéficiaires, mais à elles seules 9100 emplois ont été supprimés sur un total de 11 000 licenciements préventifs que le pays a enregistrés. Ce chiffre est trois fois supérieur à 2018. Par ailleurs, la dernière grande vague de licenciements remonte à 2013 . L’année où le pays a connu la crise des entreprises électroniques, avec 10732 emplois supprimés.

    Les secteurs touchés 

  Les entreprises pharmaceutiques ont le plus taillé dans leurs effectifs. Ainsi Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. (4.8 milliards EUR CA, 7432 employés) a licencié 170 collaborateurs de plus de 45 ans alors que l’entreprise avait affiché un résultat net positif durant deux exercices consécutifs. L’entreprise justifie les licenciements préventifs par « la difficulté croissante de maintenir la compétitivité grâce à son seul savoir-faire dans leur domaine, d’où la nécessité d’optimiser ses ressources humaines ».

C’est le cas également d’Astellas Pharma (10.8 milliards EUR CA, 16243 employés) qui a supprimé 700 emplois, malgré une augmentation de son bénéfice net de 35% au premier trimestre 2019.  Par ailleurs, les entreprises de l’électronique, toute taille confondue, ont aussi dégraissé leurs effectifs. Ainsi, 160 employés ont quitté Casio (2.4 milliards EUR CA , 12298 employés) , 130 le fabricant des circuits imprimés Kyoden (469.6 millions EUR CA, 2532 employés) , 3000 la marque NEC (24.5 milliards EUR CA, 109 390 employés) et 2850 Fujitsu (15.2 milliards EUR CA , 140 365 employés) .

Une tendance qui se poursuivra en 2020

   En 2020, les grandes entreprises continueront à se séparer de leurs salariés séniors. Neuf d’entre elles ont déjà annoncé leur intention de licencier les salariés les plus anciens soit un total de 1900 effectifs. C’est le cas entre autre du géant de l’industrie agro-alimentaire Ajinomoto (9.4 milliards EUR CA, 34 452 employés) qui vient d’annoncer en début d’année, son intention de proposer un plan de départ volontaire à cent cadres de plus de 50 ans soit 10% des effectifs total du même rang. 

Selon les chiffres du ministère japonais du travail, le salaire brut moyens des cadres nippons de 50- 54 ans est de 4250 EUR mensuel et celui des 45-49 ans de 3833 EUR mensuel. Une charge qui devient de moins en moins supportable pour les employeurs car ce sont les tranches d’âge les plus nombreuses en termes d’effectifs. En même temps, les entreprises comptent investir pour le recrutement des jeunes talents spécialisés dans les métiers du numérique et les rémunérer en fonction de leurs compétences spécifiques dans les technologies d’avenir. Ainsi, NEC est prête à proposer un salaire annuel brut de 83 000 EUR aux jeunes spécialistes formés au numérique. Fujitsu entend proposer quatre fois plus que son concurrent.  

NIKKEI 13/01/2020 (source 【黒字リストラ】拡大、19年9100人、デジタル化

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