Lutter contre le gaspillage alimentaire : faire pression sans punir

gaspillage alimentaire au Japon
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Chaque année, les Japonais jettent en moyenne 51 kg de nourriture par habitant (contre 29 kg en France). Le gouvernement japonais est décidé à lutter contre le gaspillage alimentaire. Le pays veut rattraper le retard dans ce domaine en adoptant une loi anti-gaspillage tout en évitant de pénaliser les entreprises ou les distributeurs contrevenants.

En effet, le pouvoir public veut inciter les acteurs économiques à changer de pratique commerciale et d’optimiser le supply chain. Pour ce faire, la nouvelle loi votée en mai et qui entrera en vigueur cet automne engage l’Etat, les pouvoirs régionaux, les entreprises et les consommateurs à coopérer pour réduire ensemble la quantité de nourritures jetées et sensibiliser l’ensemble de l’opinion à ce sujet.  Le ton est donné : la liberté d’action est donnée à chacun des acteurs engagés dans un effort collectif.

Donner de la marge à la  date limite de consommation (DLC) pour lutter contre le gaspillage alimentaire

Dans cet effort collectif ,  l’initiative est d’abord venue des grandes marques d’industrie agroalimentaires telles que Calby (géant japonais des snacks) et House (aliments conditionnés) qui ont décidé de ne plus afficher la DLC à la date près, se contentant seulement de la limiter au mois et à l’année.   Elles espèrent ainsi réduire la destruction des produits invendus dans les rayons des détaillants.

Revoir les règles sur les délais de livraison

Les géants de la distribution quant à eux ont décidé d’assouplir les règles sur les délais de livraison imposées aux fabricants. Ces derniers doivent aujourd’hui livrer leurs commandes dans un délai ne dépassant pas le tiers de la durée de vie totale de leurs produits. Ainsi, un produit fabriqué fin mars et qui périme fin septembre (durée de vie totale de six mois) est sensé être livré avant fin mai auprès des détaillants. Au-delà de cette date, les distributeus refusent la réception des produits et derniers sont détruits faute de preneurs.

  Dorénavant cette pratique est remise en question par la direction de la chaîne des kombinis SEVEN ELEVEN (supérettes de proximté ouvertes 24/24),  qui accepte désormais de réceptionner les produits qui disposent encore de 50% de durée de vie soit jusqu’à la moitié de temps entre le DLC et la date de fabrication. La chaîne de supermarché Yaoko (172 points de vente 4,03 millions EUR de résultats d’exploitations en 2019),  implantée essentiellement dans la préfecture de Saitama et qui se développe dans la région de Kanto, a fait de même en ciblant 6000 produits hors frais, qui disposent de 50% de durée de vie après fabrication.

Débat sur l’efficacité des nouvelles lois

Si le gouvernement est clair dans son objectif de réduire de moitié le volume totale des aliments gaspillés dans le pays à l’horizon 2030 en comparaison à 2000 (525 000 tonnes contre 273 000), les avis divergent sur l’efficacité des nouvelles lois qui n’ont pas prévus de pénalités envers les entreprises faisant peu d’efforts.

 Le professeur Shigenori MAEZAWA de l’université préfectorale de GIFU et spécialiste de l’industrie agroalimentaire reste confiant que les nouvelles lois joueront certainement un rôle pour faire pression sur les acteurs impliqués. C’est aussi l’avis de la plateforme internet  de diffusion des promotions et de bons plans en tout genre , Locoguide Inc. , qui estime que près de 25% des entreprises de l’industrie agroalimentaire prendront des mesures concrètes pour réduire le gaspillage alimentaire.

le tri sélectif au Japon

Toutefois, le Japon n’a pas fait assez jusqu’à aujourd’hui en comparaison aux principaux pays occidentaux. En cause, un conflit latent aussi bien chez les fabricants que les distributeurs, entre d’une par les forces de ventes à la conquête de part de marché dans un environnement hautement concurrentiel, et d’autre part les services RSI (responsabilité sociétale des entreprises) soucieux d’améliorer l’image des entreprises.

Enfin, au Japon des progrès considérables ont été faits à partir des années 2000 en matière de technologies d’incinération des déchets, ce qui a eu pour conséquence d’optimiser la destruction des ordures ménagères. Selon le professeur Tomio KOBAYASHI de l’université d’AICHI,

« Les pays occidentaux n’ont pas eu d’autres choix que de lutter contre le gaspillage alimentaire faute de moyens pour les détruire, ce que le Japon avait réussi jusque là à contourner grâce à la technologie ».

Tomio KOBAYASHI
Nourritures jetées au Japon par an et par habitant

51 kg (contre 29 kg en France)

Le vent a désormais tourné. L’ONU estime à 1.3 milliards de tonnes, les nourritures détruites ou jetées chaque année dans le monde. A travers les Objectifs de Développement Durable, l’ONU souhaite inciter tous les pays membres à lutter contre le gaspillage alimentaire et de réduire de moitié les nourritures jetées. Le Japon est prié lui aussi  de participer à l’effort mondiale.

NIKKEI 01/09/2019    (Source  食品ロス、秋にも新法 商習慣・物流見直し) 

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